NAACP Records, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress (049.00.00), Bookmark this item: //www.loc.gov/exhibits/civil-rights-act/segregation-era.html#obj048, About | He was the first Negro to play baseball in the major leagues. Access congressional publications dealing with the wide variety of topics addressed by Congress. strategies, from public advocacy and political .â This amendment, enacted in 1920, represents the culmination of a seventy-year effort to secure voting rights for women that began in 1848 at the Womenâs Rights Convention in Seneca Falls, New York. Author Toni Morrison (b. Armed policemen arrived at Franklinâs cabin before dawn to serve the warrant and shots were fired, killing one officer. State officials who failed to protect the rights of lynching victims or prosecute lynchers could face five years in prison and a $5,000 fine. Pamphlet. African Studies Collections (University of Florida) Africa Through a Lens. The right to an education has long been a bedrock American assumption. Gaines turned this offer down, maintaining that the University of Missouriâs refusal of admission violated his Fourteenth Amendment right to equal protection of the law. Educator and scholar Alain Leroy Locke (1885–1954) was considered the architect of the New Negro Movement and the Harlem Renaissance. returned to Southern whites in nearly every state and other unjust barriers. The signs we associate Charles Houston (1895–1950). In 1933, the efforts of attorney John P. Davis and economist Robert C. Weaver to secure the full inclusion of blacks in New Deal programs led to the establishment of the Joint Committee on National Recovery (JCNR) in Washington, D.C. This monthly report notes the efforts of the Ku Klux Klan to set up a chapter in Detroit, segregation in Eastern High School, and the refusal of a drug store soda fountain counter to serve black customers. . Committee on Urban Conditions among Negroes. NAACP Records, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress (019.00.00), Bookmark this item: //www.loc.gov/exhibits/civil-rights-act/segregation-era.html#obj019. View this document on Scribd. Autumn 1910. Primary Sources Here are a few examples of primary sources for the Apartheid. NAACP Records, Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (042.00.00), Memorandum for the Joint Committee of the NAACP and the American Fund for Public Service, Inc., October 26, 1934. Lillian E. B. Johnson. among real estate interests maintained residential "Jump Jim Crow.". Leave a Reply. In 1922 Charles Garland, a dropout from Harvard, donated an $800,000 inheritance to establish the American Fund for Public Service, known as the Garland Fund. Oklahoma appealed the case to the Supreme Court. He served as the first black vice president of the AFL-CIO from 1957–1968. The resources in this primary source set are intended for classroom use. The State of Tennessee enacted 20 Jim Crow laws between 1866 and 1955, including six requiring school segregation, four which outlawed miscegenation, three which segregated railroads, two requiring segregation for public accommodations, and one which mandated segregation on streetcars. In 1908 he traveled to Springfield, Illinois, to investigate a recent race riot in which whites had targeted blacks. African Americans, or to both? Apartheid South Africa, 1948-1980. Courtesy of NBC News. Primary Sources on Debates on Race Encyclopedia of Race and Racism The Encyclopedia Of Race And Racism, 2nd Edition, provides critical information and context on the underlying social, economic, geographical, and political conditions that gave rise to, and continue to foster, racism. The NAACP secured a plaintiff, Dr. L. A. Nixon of El Paso, to contest the law. The branch established a vigilance committee, which became the National Legal Committee, to deal âwith injustice in the courts as it affects the Negro.â Arthur worked pro bono because the NAACP could not afford to hire attorneys on a regular basis and often convinced other prominent lawyers to volunteer their services. is this concept related to the arguments? Ovington befriended W.E.B. Reproduction, 1910. There was no law school in the state of Missouri for African Americans, so Missouri offered to pay Gainesâ tuition to attend law school in a neighboring state. Jobs | Daytona Beach, Florida, Bethune-Cookman College. This source is a primary source because it was written at the time of apartheid and has first hand accounts of what was happening during that time. African Online Digital Library. 1910. An early victory was Buchanan v. Warley, a case involving residential segregation in Louisville, Kentucky. The program was broadcast live on December 26, 1947. African American Music Reference Among them were Joel E. Spingarn (1875â1939), chairman of the Department of Comparative Literature at Columbia University, and his brother, Arthur (1878–1971), a lawyer, shown here. of the former Confederacy. ... Sources. They were confronted with discrimination, socially sanctioned segregation, and racial violence born of white resistance. Portrait of A. Philip Randolph, labor leader. Houston wrote this memorandum, in which he advocated using the $10,000 funds to fight âthe more acute issue of discrimination in education.â Houston devised a systemic assault on the âseparate but equalâ doctrine by using test cases focused on graduate and professional schools. In 1925, while heading the Department of Philosophy at Howard University, Locke edited a compendium of African American art, poetry, social essays, and historical commentary, titled The New Negro. A fervent labor unionist, he began organizing workers while a college student. As teams, the class will analyze a collection of primary sources and advise the filmmaker on how these sources might contribute to an understanding and dra-matic retelling of the issues involved in the debate over desegregation in Orleans Parish. from whites were often called Jim Crow practices, Photograph, 1917. The BSCP provided a solid base from which black labor challenged discrimination. Told through unforgettable first-person accounts, photographs, and other primary sources, this book is an overview of racial segregation and early civil rights efforts in the United States from the 1890s to 1954, a period known as the Jim Crow years. to its state constitution, the legalization of Jim Crow Gordon Parks. Typescript. The war and migration bolstered a heightened self-confidence in African Americans that manifested in the New Negro Movement of the 1920s. . escape to a better life. officially abolished slavery in this country, while the During the Great Migration (1910–1920), African Americans by the thousands poured into industrial cities to find work and later to fill labor shortages created by World War I. which African Americans launched widespread At the second annual meeting on May 12, 1910, the Committee adopted the formal name of the organization—the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). The New Negro: An Interpretation. If your use will be beyond a single classroom, please review the copyright In the Supreme Court of the United States, October Term, 1916 [no.231] Charles H. Buchanan v. William Warley. Dr. Mary McLeod Bethune, founder and former president and director of the National Youth Administration, Negro Relations. In April 1918, U.S. Representative Leonidas Dyer (R-MO) introduced an antilynching bill in the House, based on a bill drafted by NAACP founder Albert E. Pillsbury in 1901. Donate Randolph played a key role First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt and Secretary of the Interior Harold Ickes, a former president of the NAACP Chicago branch, were supportive of the associationâs efforts, but President Roosevelt did not share their enthusiasm and believed that pressing for the NAACPâs demands would jeopardize congressional support for his New Deal programs. result, a series of landmark court cases and new FSA/OWI Collection, Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (258.00.00), Bookmark this item: //www.loc.gov/exhibits/civil-rights-act/segregation-era.html#obj021. in others covenants and unwritten agreements NAACP Records, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress (036.01.00) Courtesy of the NAACP, Bookmark this item: //www.loc.gov/exhibits/civil-rights-act/segregation-era.html#obj032. Because the Democratic Party was the dominant political party in Texas, black voters were therefore denied participation in the electoral process. The words âA Man Was Lynched Yesterday,â are stitched to both sides of the flag. segregation. The NAACP undertook its first major legal case in 1910 by defending Pink Franklin, a black South Carolina sharecropper accused of murder. In remembering him, I tend to de-emphasize him as a ball Typescript. Marshallâs greatest victory was the 1954 Supreme Court landmark decision in Brown v. Board of Education. Du Bois and other black leaders channeled their activism by founding the Niagara Movement in 1905. He identified himself as an African American but had a complexion so light that he could pass for white. The federal government Hotels, movie theaters, arenas, Primary Documents: To regulate relations between slaves and colonists, the Louisiana Code noir, or slave code, based largely on that compiled in 1685 for the French Caribbean colonies, was introduced in 1724 and remained in force until the United States took possession of Louisiana in … The bill called for the prosecution of lynchers in federal courts. 14th amendment, passed in 1866, set forth three Includes sources on Malcolm X, Benjamin Lawson Hooks, Fannie Lou Hammer, James Farmer, Thurgood Marshall, the Mississippi Burning case, white supremacist groups, NAACP, Nation of Islam, the assassination of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., and much more. Jim Crow laws mandating the separation of the races in practically every aspect of public life were systematically instituted in the South beginning in the 1890s. To help your students analyze these primary sources, get a graphic organizer Blues musician "Big" Bill Broonzy (1893–1958) recalls the brutal racism that African American veterans of World War I faced when they returned home from fighting for their country in an interview conducted by Alan Lomax (1915–2002) in 1947. Select one primary source that reflects racial segregation and ask your students to consider segregation from Thurgood Marshall (1908–1993), between 1935 and 1940. Though they continued to face exclusion and discrimination in employment, as well as some segregation in schools and public accommodations, Northern black men faced fewer barriers to voting. Back to Primary Sources. Printed document. NAACP Records, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress (025.00.00) Courtesy of the NAACP, Bookmark this item: //www.loc.gov/exhibits/civil-rights-act/segregation-era.html#obj025. In 1917 he became the cofounder and editor of the Messenger, a black socialist magazine. He infiltrated violent mobs in the South and became an eyewitness to numerous lynchings. Minutes of the first meeting, September 29, 1910. William English Walling (1877–1936) was a prominent socialist and journalist. Classroom Materials at the Library of Congress, Student Discovery Set - free ebook on iBooks, Distribution of the Colored Population of the US 1890, Wants ‘Jim Crow’ Law All Over the United States, Cayton's Weekly May 8, 1920 Fighting Miscegenation, Negro going in colored entrance of movie house, At the bus station in Durham, North Carolina, A cafe near the tobacco market, Durham, North Carolina, Demonstrators marching in the street holding signs, African American children on way to PS204, Gwendolyn M. Patton oral history interview (47:05 to 48:56). of 1865, the 13th amendment to the Constitution New York: A. and C. Boni, 1925. Typed letter. Motion Picture, Broadcasting and Recorded Sound Division. Autograph letter. Nathan R. Margold. The threat of losing its lease forced the NAACP to discontinue the practice of flying the flag in 1938. Oswald Garrison Villard met privately with President Wilson to recommend the appointment of a National Race Commission to counter the new discriminatory policies. Primary sources devoted specifically to African American family history, including U.S Federal Census (African Americans only), Freedman's Bank Records, World War I Draft Cards, African American family history books, U.S. In Missouri ex. Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (045.00.00), Bookmark this item: //www.loc.gov/exhibits/civil-rights-act/segregation-era.html#obj045. Can schools be "separate but equal?" L. C. Dyer of Missouri in the House of Representatives, May 7, 1918. National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. Typed letter. The NAACPâs goals were the abolition of segregation, discrimination, disenfranchisement, and racial violence, particularly lynching. Primary sources included are from the papers (business and financial records, diaries, letterbooks, correspondence, etc.) The incident sparked a race riot on July 2, which ended with forty-eight killed, hundreds injured, and thousands of homes burned. Flag flown at NAACP headquarters, ca. NAACP Records, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress (043.00.00), Bookmark this item: //www.loc.gov/exhibits/civil-rights-act/segregation-era.html#obj042. Even so, New Deal legislation and policies continued to allow considerable discrimination. By 1936, the majority of black voters had abandoned their historic allegiance to the Republican Party and joined with labor unions, farmers, progressives, and ethnic minorities in assuring President Rooseveltâs landslide re-election. In 1934 the Joint Committee of the NAACP and the American Fund for Public Service retained Houston to direct a legal campaign against discrimination in education and interstate transportation. By the outlawed the denial of voting rights due to race, Gaines v. Canada, Lloyd Gaines attempted to register at the University of Missouri law school, only to be denied admission because he was African American. NAACP Records, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress (256.00.00), National Photo Company. Eleanor Roosevelt to NAACP Secretary Walter White, March 19, 1936. On May 18, 1896, the U.S. Supreme Court case Plessy v.Ferguson ruled that separate-but-equal facilities were constitutional. A Letter to President Woodrow Wilson on Federal Race Discrimination, August 15, 1913. Primary Sources . Featuring 100 milestone documents of American history from the National Archives. of the land. Photograph, between 1935 and 1945. Photograph, November 1942. designated white and black neighborhoods, while Segregation was not limited to African No state could deny any person of life, liberty, Photograph, January 1943. On reargument, the consideration of appropriate relief was necessarily subordinated to the primary question — the constitutionality of segregation in public education. public buildings. and fair use guidelines. Gordon Parks. It was the first such agreement between a black union and a major American company. A. Philip Randolph organized the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters and Maids (BSCP) on August 25, 1925. When President Wilson refused, the NAACP released this open letter of protest to the press. NAACP Records, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress (035.00.00), Bookmark this item: //www.loc.gov/exhibits/civil-rights-act/segregation-era.html#obj035. Bethune was also the founder and president of the National Council of Negro Women and established its national office in Washington, D.C. She became one of the prominent figures in the National Association of Colored Women, where she would continue to campaign for the rights of all Americans. Bookmark this item: //www.loc.gov/exhibits/civil-rights-act/segregation-era.html#obj030. The NAACP persuaded the U.S. attorney general to challenge the constitutionality of the âgrandfather clauseâ in 1913. In the century following the Marshall created its Legal Defense and Educational Fund, Inc. in 1939 to litigate cases and raise money exclusively for the legal program. Press | laws, codes, and agreements enforced segregation Undeterred, the Texas Democratic Party banned blacks from membership once again. This original canvas flag is housed with the NAACP Records in the Manuscript Division, Library of Congress. What different White won international acclaim for his crusade against mob violence, personally investigating forty-one lynchings and eight riots. Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (037.00.00), Joint Committee on National Recovery. NAACP Records, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress (038.00.00), Bookmark this item: //www.loc.gov/exhibits/civil-rights-act/segregation-era.html#obj037. As segregation tightened and racial oppression escalated across the United States, some leaders of the African American community, often called the talented tenth, began to reject Booker T. Washingtonâs conciliatory approach. The leagueâs principal goal was to promote the improvement of âindustrial, economic, social, and spiritual conditions among Negroesâ in cities. He was set free in 1919. Racial segregation, the practice of restricting people to certain circumscribed areas of residence or to separate institutions (e.g., schools, churches) and facilities (parks, restaurants, restrooms) on the basis of race or alleged race. of dozens (both prominent and average) slaveholding families from plantations in Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, Maryland, North Carolina South Carolina, Georgia, and … Primary Sources Home; Embed from Getty Images. The NAACP interceded and Franklinâs sentence was commuted to life in prison. believed to be a reference to a minstrel-show song, citizens for the nation and no state could make Enacted after the Civil War, the laws denied equal opportunity to black citizens. activism to individual self-defense and attempts to Louisville, along with other cities, had passed ordinances to prevent people of color from residing in white neighborhoods. This left black sharecroppers unemployed. segregation policies of the 19th and 20th centuries Primary Sources - Rosa Parks & the Montgomery Bus Boycotts Source A: JoAnn Robinson, memoir, The Montgomery Bus Boycott and the Women Who Started It, 1987 | ... and was arrested for violation of a city segregation ordinance. . to demand the rights and protections provided by the Constitution. generations of resistance to segregation Accused of murdering their white landlord, a Mississippi sharecropping couple is lynched and burned by a white mob. A daughter of former slaves, she would become one of the most respected figures in the civil rights movement. Reproduction, ca. Preliminary Report to the Joint Committee Supervising the Expenditure of the 1930 Appropriation by the American Fund for Public Service. NAACP Records, Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (028.00.00), Bookmark this item: //www.loc.gov/exhibits/civil-rights-act/segregation-era.html#obj028. Photographic print. By mid-year of his first term, Roosevelt had overseen the passage of bills designed to counteract the Depression, including the Agricultural Adjustment Act that paid white farmers not to produce crops. when Mississippi added a disfranchisement provision or enforce any law that would abridge their Charles Hamilton Houston was the chief strategist of the NAACPâs legal campaign that culminated in the Brown v. Board of Education decision. In this letter to Walter White, Mrs. Roosevelt stated some of the arguments that were used by the president and others against the passage of an antilynching bill. Members of the committee also included future Supreme Court Justice Felix Frankfurter and prominent black lawyer Charles Houston. After graduating from college in 1916, he became an insurance salesman and secretary of the local NAACP branch. [table striped="true" responsive="true"] Background [table striped="true" responsive="true"] To the average man in the average American community, Jackie Robinson was just what the sports pages said he was, no more, no less. In conjunction with its 1920 antilynching campaign, the NAACP began flying this flag from the windows of its headquarters at 69 Fifth Avenue each time a lynching occurred in the United States. Primary Sources Note that some of the ebook and article database resources listed here are subscription-based and accessible only by the Ferris State University community. These included poll taxes, literacy tests, âgrandfather clauses,â and the âwhite primary.â In 1910 Oklahoma passed a constitutional amendment that held that only residents whose grandfathers had voted in 1865 could vote, thus disqualifying the descendants of slaves. Name. "Primary source documents, including Supreme Court decisions and W.E.B DuBois’s 1947 "Statement on the Denial of Human Rights to Minorities in the Case of Citizens of Negro Descent in the United States of America and an Appeal to the United Nations for Redress"" Description from ABCClio Jim Crow New York by David N. Gellman and David Quigley Frederick Douglass on Jim Crow, 1887 | Frederick Douglass tirelessly labored to end slavery but true equality remained out of reach. of history. In the ten years succeeded the Civil War thousands of Negroes were murdered for the crime of casting a ballot. established a national intent to eradicate slavery
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